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Science --- Logic --- Philosophy --- Social aspects --- Logic. --- Philosophy. --- Social aspects. --- Philosophy of science --- Argumentation --- Deduction (Logic) --- Deductive logic --- Dialectic (Logic) --- Logic, Deductive --- Intellect --- Psychology --- Reasoning --- Thought and thinking --- Science and society --- Sociology of science --- Normal science --- Methodology --- Science - Philosophy --- Science - Social aspects

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Philosophy --- Philosophy & Religion --- Wittgenstein, Ludwig, --- Wei-tʻe-ken-ssu-tʻan, --- Wei-tʻe-ken-ssu-tʻan, Lu-te-wei-hsi, --- Wittgenstein, L. --- Vitgenshteĭn, L., --- Wei-ken-ssu-tʻan, --- Pitʻŭgensyutʻain, --- Vitgenshteĭn, Li︠u︡dvig, --- Weitegenshitan, --- Wittgenstein, Ludovicus, --- Vitgenshtaĭn, Ludvig, --- ויטגנשטיין, לודוויג --- 维特根斯坦, --- Wittgenstein, Ludwig Josef Johann, --- 1 WITTGENSTEIN, LUDWIG --- 1 WITTGENSTEIN, LUDWIG Filosofie. Psychologie--WITTGENSTEIN, LUDWIG --- Filosofie. Psychologie--WITTGENSTEIN, LUDWIG

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Robert John Ackermann deals decisively with the problem of relativism that has plagued post-empiricist philosophy of science. Recognizing that theory and data are mediated by data domains (bordered data sets produced by scientific instruments), he argues that the use of instruments breaks the dependency of observation on theory and thus creates a reasoned basis for scientific objectivity.Originally published in 1985.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Logic. --- Science --- Argumentation --- Deduction (Logic) --- Deductive logic --- Dialectic (Logic) --- Logic, Deductive --- Intellect --- Philosophy --- Psychology --- Reasoning --- Thought and thinking --- Science and society --- Sociology of science --- Normal science --- Philosophy of science --- Social aspects. --- Philosophy. --- Methodology --- Ad hominem. --- Alternative hypothesis. --- Analogy. --- Analytic–synthetic distinction. --- Basic research. --- Bayesian probability. --- Behavioural sciences. --- Branches of science. --- Calculation. --- Case study. --- Circumlocution. --- Concept. --- Consciousness. --- Critical theory. --- Decision-making. --- Deductive-nomological model. --- Design of experiments. --- Dialectic. --- Emergence. --- Empiricism. --- Engineering. --- Epistemology. --- Experiment. --- Experimental data. --- Explanation. --- Explanatory model. --- Fact. --- Finalization. --- Form of life (philosophy). --- Grand theory. --- Heuristic. --- Historical method. --- Historicism. --- Holism. --- Human science. --- Hypothesis. --- Hypothetico-deductive model. --- Idealization. --- Ideology. --- Inductive reasoning. --- Inference. --- Instrumentalism. --- Interaction. --- Knowledge and Human Interests. --- Laboratory Life. --- Mathematics. --- Mechanism design. --- Methodology. --- Modern physics. --- Natural science. --- Objectivity (science). --- Observation. --- Ontology. --- Paradigm shift. --- Paradigm. --- Phenomenon. --- Philosopher. --- Philosophical analysis. --- Philosophical theory. --- Philosophy of science. --- Phrenology. --- Planck's principle. --- Positivism. --- Potentiality and actuality. --- Prediction. --- Probability theory. --- Proofs and Refutations. --- Pseudoscience. --- Quantification (science). --- Reagent. --- Reason. --- Relativism. --- Research program. --- Result. --- Science policy. --- Science. --- Scientific method. --- Scientific progress. --- Scientific realism. --- Scientific theory. --- Scientist. --- Situational analysis. --- Sociology. --- Sophistication. --- Subjectivism. --- Testability. --- The Conceptual Framework. --- The Structure of Science. --- Theoretical definition. --- Theoretical physics. --- Theory. --- Thomas Kuhn. --- Thought experiment. --- Thought. --- Transcendental arguments. --- Type theory. --- Utilitarianism. --- Verificationism. --- Verisimilitude.

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Originally published in 1967. An introduction to the literature of nonstandard logic, in particular to those nonstandard logics known as many-valued logics. Part I expounds and discusses implicational calculi, modal logics and many-valued logics and their associated calculi. Part II considers the detailed development of various many-valued calculi, and some of the important metathereoms which have been proved for them. Applications of the calculi to problems in the philosophy are also surveyed. This work combines criticism with exposition to form a comprehensive but concise survey of the field.

Many-valued logic --- Logique multivalente.

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